S01 Présidence de la République du Kazakhstan (2020). On the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030. Décret n° 280, signé le 6 mars 2020 ; publication web le 9 mars. https://mirror.akorda.kz/en/legal_acts/decrees/on-the-concept-of-the-foreign-policy-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-for-2020-2030
S02 Vanderhill, Rachel ; Joireman, Sandra F. ; Tulepbayeva, Roza (2020). Between the bear and the dragon: multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a model strategy for secondary powers. International Affairs, 96(4), 975–993. DOI 10.1093/ia/iiaa061. https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/96/4/975/5855019
S03 Kassenova, Nargis (2012). Kazakhstan and Eurasian Economic Integration: Quick Start, Mixed Results and Uncertain Future. Russie.NEI.Reports, n° 14, Ifri, novembre ; conclusion p. 28. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/ifrikassenovakazandeurasianintegrationengnov2012.pdf
S04 Conseil de l’Union européenne (2019). Central Asia: Council adopts a new EU strategy for the region. 17 juin 2019. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/06/17/central-asia-council-adopts-a-new-eu-strategy-for-the-region/
S05 Conseil de l’Union européenne (2020). Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and its Member States and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Registre des accords : signature le 21 décembre 2015 ; entrée en vigueur le 1er mars 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents/treaties-agreements/agreement/?docLanguage=en&id=2015045
S06 Levystone, Michaël (2022a). Le Kazakhstan à l’épreuve des crises. Des émeutes de janvier 2022 à la guerre en Ukraine. Russie.NEI.Reports, n° 39, Ifri, septembre ; notamment p. 19. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/levystone_crises_kazakhstan_2022_4.pdf
S07 Dumoulin, Marie (2023). Steppe change: How Russia’s war on Ukraine is reshaping Kazakhstan. ECFR, Policy Brief, 13 avril. https://ecfr.eu/publication/steppe-change-how-russias-war-on-ukraine-is-reshaping-kazakhstan/
S08 Grantseva, Vera ; Abdrakhmanov, Rakhimbek (2025). Kazakhstan After the Double Shock of 2022: Political, Economic and Military Consequences. Russie.Eurasie.Visions, n° 140, Ifri, octobre ; résumé p. 4, sections p. 13–19 et conclusion p. 29–30. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/2025-10/ifri_grantseva_abdrakhmanov_kazakhstan_2025_en.pdf
S09 Ministère des Affaires étrangères de la République populaire de Chine (2022). President Xi Jinping Makes a State Visit to the Republic of Kazakhstan. 15 septembre ; compte rendu de la visite du 14 septembre 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gjhdq_665435/2675_665437/3180_664322/3182_664326/202209/t20220915_10766191.html
S10 Service européen pour l’action extérieure (2022). COP27: European Union concludes a strategic partnership with Kazakhstan on raw materials, batteries and renewable hydrogen. Communication sur le mémorandum du 7 novembre 2022. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/kazakhstan/cop27-european-union-concludes-strategic-partnership-kazakhstan-raw-materials-batteries-and_en
S11 Bureau of National Statistics du Kazakhstan (2025a). Foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan January–December 2024. Bulletin de 2025 portant sur les données 2024 ; parts nominales des échanges de biens, données préliminaires. https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/foreign-market/publications/315588/
S12 Caspian Pipeline Consortium (2024). CPC Head’s Press Conference in Astana. 16 janvier ; données d’activité de 2023. https://www.cpc.ru/EN/press/releases/2024/Pages/20240116-3.aspx
S13 Banque mondiale (2023). Middle Trade and Transport Corridor: Policies and Investments to Triple Freight Volumes and Halve Travel Time by 2030. Novembre ; projections conditionnelles, notamment p. 22–25. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099111723122527465/pdf/P1803220f863200b5096710f86d78ee0b36.pdf
S14 Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement (2023). Sustainable transport connections between Europe and Central Asia. Rapport final remis le 16 juin ; informations valides au 9 juin 2023. https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/sustainable-transport-connections-between-europe-and-central-asia-pdf.pdf
S15 Conseil européen (2025). First EU–Central Asia summit, 4 April 2025. Compte rendu officiel, Samarcande. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2025/04/04/
S16 Assemblée générale des Nations unies (2022a). Aggression against Ukraine. A/RES/ES-11/1, vote du 2 mars 2022 ; Kazakhstan : abstention. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959039?ln=en
S17 Assemblée générale des Nations unies (2022b). Furtherance of remedy and reparation for aggression against Ukraine. A/RES/ES-11/5, vote du 14 novembre 2022 ; Kazakhstan : abstention. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3994052?ln=en
S18 Fonds monétaire international (2025). Republic of Kazakhstan: 2024 Article IV Consultation—Press Release; and Staff Report. Country Report n° 25/30, 31 janvier. DOI 10.5089/9798400299483.002. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2025/01/31/republic-of-kazakhstan-2024-article-iv-consultation-press-release-and-staff-report-561424
S19 Radjabov, Bakhrom (2023). How the EU can secure its position in Central Asia. IPS Journal, 10 février ; PDF fourni et version web. https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/how-the-eu-can-secure-its-position-in-central-asia-6502/
S20 Organisation mondiale du commerce (2015). Kazakhstan joins the WTO as 162nd member. 30 novembre 2015. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news15_e/acc_kaz_30nov15_e.htm
S21 Willardson, Spencer L. ; Karibayeva, Akbota (2025). Role socialization: Kazakhstan and the nature of the multivector foreign policy role. International Politics, publication en ligne le 16 juillet. DOI 10.1057/s41311-025-00718-5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-025-00718-5
S22 Levystone, Michaël (2022b). La connectivité centrasiatique au révélateur des crises internationales. Les transports, l’énergie et l’eau entre interdépendance et désenclavements. Russie.NEI.Reports, n° 41, Ifri, novembre. https://www.ifri.org/fr/etudes/la-connectivite-centrasiatique-au-revelateur-des-crises-internationales-les-transports